Free Essays on Internet As Vehicle For Pedophiles

Web AS VEHICLE FOR PEDOPHILES and WHAT CAN WE DO? The mid-nineteen eighties end up being a verifiable time of hugeness in which innovation in the extent of PCs was quickly progressing. By nineteen-eighty four, â€Å"the area name framework was set up that lets amazon.com be amazon.com and not 208.216.182.15† . With this framework set up, the web was a rising power of data. By nineteen-eighty eight there were ninety thousand PCs connected to the web and by mid nineteen-ninety eight the quantity of host PCs developed to more than thirty-6,000,000 . Moreover, in mid nineteen-ninety three, there were fifty Web locales in the entire world and by mid 2,000 the quantity of Web destinations had developed to surpass fifty million . With this overarching headway of this data organize called the Internet, the substance of society will everlastingly be modified. In spite of the fact that there are various focal points to the Internet, concerns are inexhaustible from people in general about the contrary viewpoints emerging from the Internet. One of significant concern is pedophiles and their utilization of the innovation. Right off the bat, a â€Å"pedophile† is an individual who shows pedophilia; â€Å"pedophilia† is the sexual want coordinated towards kids . As should be obvious, the tremendous and borderless Internet is the ideal vehicle for pedophiles to work. Generally, PC systems help pedophiles to draw in others like them to trade counsel and data and discover pictures of youngsters engaged with sexual acts . To a further degree, the Internet gives a road to extraordinary pedophiles (youngster molesters) to meet with helpless kids and improve the probability of sexual maltreatment of kids . Pedophiles utilize the Internet as their essential vehicle, particularly when by nineteen-eighty six all the customary techniques for getting youngster sex entertainment had been immovably shut . This vehicle of the Internet can be separated into a few regions, includ... Free Essays on Internet As Vehicle For Pedophiles Free Essays on Internet As Vehicle For Pedophiles Web AS VEHICLE FOR PEDOPHILES and WHAT CAN WE DO? The mid-nineteen eighties end up being a verifiable time of essentialness in which innovation in the extent of PCs was quickly progressing. By nineteen-eighty four, â€Å"the space name framework was built up that lets amazon.com be amazon.com and not 208.216.182.15† . With this framework set up, the web was a rising power of data. By nineteen-eighty eight there were ninety thousand PCs connected to the web and by mid nineteen-ninety eight the quantity of host PCs developed to more than thirty-6,000,000 . Moreover, in mid nineteen-ninety three, there were fifty Web locales in the entire world and by mid 2,000 the quantity of Web destinations had developed to surpass fifty million . With this common progression of this data organize called the Internet, the substance of society will always be changed. In spite of the fact that there are various points of interest to the Internet, concerns are plentiful from the general population about the negative viewpoints emerging from the Internet. One of significant concern is pedophiles and their utilization of the innovation. Right off the bat, a â€Å"pedophile† is an individual who shows pedophilia; â€Å"pedophilia† is the sexual want coordinated towards youngsters . As should be obvious, the immense and borderless Internet is the ideal vehicle for pedophiles to work. Generally, PC systems help pedophiles to draw in others like them to trade guidance and data and discover pictures of youngsters associated with sexual acts . To a further degree, the Internet gives a road to extraordinary pedophiles (youngster molesters) to meet with powerless kids and improve the probability of sexual maltreatment of kids . Pedophiles utilize the Internet as their essential vehicle, particularly when by nineteen-eighty six all the customary strategies for getting youngster erotic entertainment had been immovably shut . This vehicle of the Internet can be separated into a few zones, includ...

Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches Essay

In the book â€Å"Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches†, Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter attempt to depict the procedure of authority and talk about its religious viewpoints from Christian point of view. The creators really consider various subjects and data identified with various fields to reach an appropriate determination. Additionally all through their book they likewise endeavor to guarantee that everything worth talking about has been examined giving legitimate significance to all issues of the general public. Above all else the creators underscore that the subject of initiative is a significant theme worth talking about and they investigate this theme from various view focuses. The book involves six significant sections. The principal section is about the developing enthusiasm for administration in present days. In this section the writers start from the earliest starting point making the perusers mindful of various related definitions, causes and numerous significant issues. In the second part the creators portray the distinctive Biblical viewpoints of the authority. In this section they additionally examine other past and existing points of view and attempt to give the perusers the changing situation of administration and the services of the everyday citizens. In the third section they portray distinctive developing ideas including strict degree of initiative. At this setting the writers help the perusers to accept the way that strict practices may assist with creating individuals who will significantly regard the standards of the socialized society. In the fourth part the creators strikingly depict the diverse mainstream ways to deal with initiative. Aside from the mainstream draws near, various ways to deal with administration which depend on the confidence of the individuals are likewise talked about in this piece of the book. In the following part, one of the most significant subjects, the various methods of performing authority have been talked about. In such manner the creators notice that a pioneer must be straightforward to the everyday citizens in their activity of administration. In addition the procedure of administration ought to be continued with veracity, honesty to the average citizens whom they speak to and by and by the pioneers must serve the ordinary citizens with trustworthiness. In the 6th and last section the creators portray the execution and the various results of Christian administration through investigating a few cases including the instances of Frank Buchman, Soren Kierkegaard who were driving figure in contemporary perspectives. As indicated by the writers, the book is â€Å"†¦a product of scriptural examination and reflection on our own encounters. †1 Actually, in the assessment of the essayists, the book depends on the contemporary compositions of various individuals and ends made by dissecting the lives of some commendable Christian pioneers. Over all the significant end, got from the book, is that the authority is about the general advancement surprisingly of the general public and not for the improvement of a specific gathering of individuals of society. The interrelationship among religion and legislative issues turns out to be increasingly mind boggling in present days however one thing which can’t be denied that both religion and governmental issues are for the total improvement of the general public and for lessening the sufferings of ordinary citizens regardless of their social height. So far what we have examined prompts the way that genuine initiative in legitimate execution of services or setting up a strict framework by spurring an enormous number of individuals can be of incredible assistance to build up a country. 1. Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter, Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2004), 11.

You can get anything you want

You can get anything you want… Its been hectic for past few days; I had my first German vocabulary test yesterday and I had to learn like ein bazillion words for that, and Ive also been really busy working on problem sets. Itll just be another week or two before I get back in the swing of things. Incidentally, Freshman have been so adorable this week struggling through their first 5.112 and 8.01 problem sets this week, working in huge, huge study groups until the middle of the nightit makes me nostalgic for my own Freshman year. So, while Id really like to write a really long and complicated blog entry with twenty-seven eight-by-ten color glossy photographs with circles and arrows and a paragraph on the back of each one explaining what each one was, I can only offer you this news, which has me excited beyond belief right now: Alices Restaurant 40th Anniversary Massacre Tour However, the good news is that it should be a fairly eventful weekend; MIT has a student holiday on Monday that the professors always seem to forget about, so they didnt assign a correspondingly larger workload. So, check back in a few for some more a more impressive sketching of my life. Peace!

A Brief History of Cote DIvoire

Our knowledge of the early history of the region now known as Cà ´te dIvoire is limited—there is some evidence of Neolithic activity, but mush still needs to be done in investigating this. Oral histories give rough indications of when various peoples first arrived, such as the Mandinka (Dyuola) people migrating from the Niger basin to the coast during the 1300s. In the early 1600s, Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to reach the coast. They initiated trade in gold, ivory, and pepper. The first French contact came in 1637—along with the first missionaries. In the 1750s the region was invaded by Akan peoples fleeing the Asante Empire (now Ghana). The established the Baoulà © kingdom around the town of Sakasso. A French Colony French trading posts were established from 1830 onwards, along with a protectorate negotiated by the French Admiral Bouà «t-Willaumez. By the end of the 1800s, the borders for the French colony of Cà ´te dIvoire had been agreed with Liberia and the Gold Coast (Ghana). In 1904 Cà ´te dIvoire became part of the Federation of French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale Franà §aise) and run as an overseas territory by the Third Republic. The region transferred from Vichy to Free French control in 1943, under the command of Charles de Gaulle. Around the same time, the first indigenous political group was formed: Fà ©lix Houphouà «t-Boignys Syndicat Agricole Africain (SAA, African Agricultural Syndicate), which represented African farmers and landowners. Independence With independence in sight, Houphouà «t-Boigny formed the Parti Dà ©mocratique de la Cà ´te dIvoire (PDCI, Democratic Party of Cà ´te dIvoire)—Cà ´te dIvoires first political party. On 7 August 1960, Cà ´te dIvoire gained independence and Houphouà «t-Boigny became its first president. Houphouà «t-Boigny ruled Cà ´te dIvoire for 33 years, was a respected African statesman, and on his death was Africas longest-serving president. During his presidency, there were at least three attempted coups, and resentment grew against his one-party rule. In 1990 a new constitution was introduced enabling opposition parties to contest a general election—Houphouà «t-Boigny still won the elections with a significant lead. In the last couple of years, with his health failing, backroom negotiations attempted to find someone who would be able to take over Houphouà «t-Boignys legacy and Henri Konan Bà ©dià © was selected. Houphouà «t-Boigny died on 7 December 1993. Cà ´te dIvoire after Houphouà «t-Boigny was in dire straits. Hit hard by a failing economy based on cash crops (especially coffee and cocoa) and raw minerals, and with increasing allegations of governmental corruption, the country was in decline. Despite close ties to the west, President Bà ©dià © was having difficulties and was only able to maintain his position by banning opposition parties from a general election. In 1999 Bà ©dià © was overthrown by a military coup. A government of national unity was formed by General Robert Guà ©i, and in October 2000 Laurent Gbagbo, for the Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI or Ivorian Popular Front), was elected president. Gbagbo was the only opposition to Guà ©i since Alassane Ouattara was barred from the election. In 2002 a military mutiny in Abidjan split the country politically—the Muslim north from the Christian and animist south. Peacekeeping talks brought the fighting to an end, but the country remains divided. President Gbagbo has managed to avoid holding new presidential elections, for various reasons, since 2005.

Essay about The Nullification Crisis - 1585 Words

February 22, 2013 The Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis was a revolt by the citizens against Andrew Jackson and the Union, whereby they sought liberty and the state of being free, including various social, political, and economic privileges. This attempt to revolt against Jackson failed, and their seceding from the country was not granted. In these efforts to secede, they sought liberty and worked together as a state to gain what they believed to be free and include various privileges they rightfully have. The Nullification Crisis displayed the attempt of the citizen’s to achieve the securing of the blessings of liberty, yet the citizen’s attempt failed. In 1819, Andrew Jackson was elected as President of the United States.†¦show more content†¦He pleaded Henry Clay, an old friend, to draft a solution with him. Clay developed a compromise proposal, which lowered the high tariffs by ten percent over eight years. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 barely passed through Congress, but it significantly changed the tariff. These new rates were not nearly as low as the Southerners had hoped they would be, but it was a better compromise than the Force Bill had offered. South Carolina’s legislature voted to recede their efforts to nullify the tariff acts, but they did attempt to nullify the Force Bill. Even though their nullification of the Force Bill was insignificant, it allowed South Carolina to feel slightly victorious. Therefore, it is apparent that it is the citiz en’s job to secure the blessings of liberty. The citizen’s began to take action to secure their blessings of liberty prior to the Nullification Crisis, when they attempted to pass the Tariff of 1828 through Congress in hopes to aid Jackson’s re-election. Due to Jackson’s popularity, he was re-elected even without the help of the tariff. Yet the tariff was passed in 1828, and the citizen’s made a firm effort to nullify the tariff as soon as it was enacted. They believed they had the right to nullify the tariff, which sought their own privileges in liberty. The citizens further pushed for the nullification by trying to pass this though South Carolina’s legislature, but another group of citizens seeking to secure theirShow MoreRelatedThe Nullifying Crisis : The Causes Of The Nullification Crisis1552 Words   |  7 Pages The Nullification Crisis of 1832 is one of the crises that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Following the suffering o f an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, the United States government passed several new tariffs. When the Tariff of 1828 was passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, it sparked the debate over states’ rights and highlighted the growing sectional difference between the South and the North in America. That Tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufacturedRead MoreThe Nullification Crisis and Its Effects on the United States639 Words   |  3 Pages The Nullification Crisis, which transpired under Andrew Jackson’s administration created a controversy not only during its time, but also in the years to follow and ultimately was one of the many causes of the Civil War years later. The Nullification crisis soon developed in the early 1830’s when the state of South Carolina began to have issues with the protective tariff (which was designed to protect the industry in the northern United States by taxing imports). At this point in history,Read MoreJackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis1420 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Nullification Crisis. Nullification is the refusal of a state to recognize a federal law within its boundaries and deem that law unconstitutional. In this case, South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, refused to recognize the protective tarif fs in 1828, and 1832, saying that they benefited the North and injured the South. At this point in time, the American system of government was fairly new and the struggle between state and federal power was in full swing. Towards the end of the crisis, CalhounRead MoreWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy1238 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. ProtectiveRead MoreWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy990 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved th at if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. ProtectiveRead MoreEssay on state nullification1569 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of a State’s Right to Nullification nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Impact of a State’s Right to Nullification nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The impact of a state’s right to nullification can ultimately cause a great deal of damage to the country that it resides in. To describe the impacts one would need to take a look back into history when the Nullification Crisis took place. South CarolinaRead MoreThe Tariff Laws782 Words   |  3 Pagesincluding Calhoun, the vice president and a politician from South Carolina. Later he wrote a nullification doctrine to express his opinions on the tariff. The nullification crisis greatly affected the growth of states’ rights over federal power. Because of the nullification crisis in South Carolina there were even thoughts of secession in the early 1830’s. â€Å"The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that arose when the state of South Carolina attemptedRead MoreThe Era Of The Middle Class882 Words   |  4 Pagesthe people and not wealthy elites. He felt it was better for the country on bring in new fresh faces. Giving out political jobs as rewards became known as the â€Å"spoils system.† Another political reform on the table Jackson had to fix was the Nullification crisis. Jacksonian supporter’s main goal was to ruin John Quincy Adams presidency. They were still angered at his victory over Andrew Jackson in the 1828 election. The plan was to push a bill through Congress that would impose taxes on solely manufacturedRead More Andrew Jackson : True American Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesprides itself upon today. His Presidency was plagued with controversy, but President Jackson used his power as President to unite a sometimes-divided nation and establish a precedent of power for future American leaders. States rights, the nullification crisis, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies were all controversies which brought forth strong rivalry and resentment throughout his years as president, but Jackson’s strong will and assertiveness got our country through these timesRead MoreThe Era Of The Common Man1011 Words   |  5 Pagessomething Ja ckson liked to approve of nor let happen at all. The Nullification Crisis with John C. Calhoun shows how opposed Jackson is to reforms. In 1828, Calhoun created the nullification doctrine that held the idea that states should have the rights to nullify unconstitutional laws. Calhoun wanted to use the doctrine to nullify the 1816 tariffs that he believed stagnated the South Carolina economy. In 1832, the nullification became a crisis when South Carolinians protested over a congressional bill

Resistance of Change in Chinese Society in the Beginning of 20’s Century Free Essays

Resistance of Change Ding Ling’s â€Å"A Day†, Lu Xun’s â€Å"A Madman’s Diary,† and Yu Dafu’s â€Å"Sinking† are all works that have been written in the time of a crucial change in China. Although the stories are fictional, the writers manage to reflect and correlate their characters to the current state of their homeland. Reading the listed works we see that its characters possess many common traits such as suffering, humility, depression, and much love and patriotism for China. We will write a custom essay sample on Resistance of Change in Chinese Society in the Beginning of 20’s Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now The authors use character’s personal difficulties, to illustrate how complex it is for China to abolish its conservative, deep-rooted, traditional ways for new ones. In â€Å"The Diary of a Madman† by Lu Xun, we see a character that is in a state of constant paranoia. He is considered to be a madman by his immediate society that is greatly influenced by old Chinese morals and traditions of imperialism and Confucianism. He believes that his social circle practices cannibalism and sooner or later he will be eaten. On numerous occasions he questions the reasons behind this immoral practice which he believes is real. Although his actual perceptions of his surroundings might be erroneous in reality, we notice a valid metaphoric meaning in his view; cannibalism as suppression of people. He doesn’t understand why people are not willing to give up their old customs of cannibalism. He claims that some who used to practice cannibalism in the past realized its immorality and stopped, yet most continue to live by old traditions. He argues immorality of old traditions should be exemplifying the west as a By illustrating this inability of social change the character demonstrates the society as one of great tradition. The character’s desire for change illustrates the revolutionary times that China was undergoing at the time. He wanted the Chinese society to abandon its traditional beliefs which were constraining their liberality. Order, discipline, and oppressive imperial traditions of their background influenced by Confucianism strongly shaped their beliefs and habits, making it difficult to accept new modern principles. The character feels helpless while observing his society’s challenge to change. Although we see the character’s distress, his connection and love towards China is illustrated in his last words of the diary. Declaring to â€Å"Save the Children†, the character conveys his patriotic beliefs in times of agony. We see that regardless of social resistance to change the characters’ hope of a better future for China persists, illustrating the great patriotism that is integrated in Chinese society and culture. In Ding Ling’s story â€Å"A Day,† we also see a character whose emotional state correlates to her surrounding society. In the story, a young woman lives in a poor part of a metropolis city, â€Å"under the jurisdiction of a few imperialist nations†(12). She despises this split society, which is made of â€Å"fat bellied† capitalists and the filthy poor working class that labors for the former. Observing the miserable working class routinely occupied in their â€Å"back-breaking† tasks makes her feel depressed. She pities them and wishes she could help them realize that they deserve a better living. She thinks that if only she could influence those people, to open their eyes to a better future, she would improve their lives. She makes an attempt to improve her maid’s way of thinking, trying to melt her gloom, but soon feels anguished herself. When she considers people’s â€Å"ignorant ways of thinking and their purely selfish desires† she hopelessly gives up. The lives of those people are wretched and their minds are numbed, they are stripped of all hope and ideas as they eke out a living from one day to the next†. She sees her society suffering in this â€Å"meaningless existence† and not being able to change. This resistance to change irritates her greatly. She realizes that the mentality of these people is degraded by imperialisti c domination for many years and is difficult to abandon. Those similar self degrading traits can also be detected in the character. Her immediate company that visits her daily takes advantage of her humbleness and overwhelms her with their sentiments regarding the ills of China. Her submissiveness restrains her desire to argue her position and take any measures. Depressed, she wants to isolate herself from everybody and sink in her daydream; the only delight of her day. We see a reflecting relationship between society and the character. Society makes her depressed and she is hopeless of change. Dreaming about a better life, she is still not able to take any actions that would help her break through this cycle of misery. While in the past two stories, we see characters that were disturbed by difficulties of change in their societies, in â€Å"Sinking† by Yu Dafu the main character is troubled by his personal complexities. Various emotional problems such as loneliness, hatred, fear, sexual frustration, paranoia, and other self degrading traits lead him to a suicide. A Chinese native and a patriot, he is influenced by Chinese traditional morals and beliefs that suffocate his desire to acquaint to a new environment in Japan, where he attends school as a foreign student. Discipline and order induced in him by Confucianism of imperialistic China restrain his adaptation in this new liberal setting. We see that his relationship with his new society is hurting because of his long-established morality. He feels that his schoolmates reject him, but his paranoiac attitude and reserved appearance prevent him from making any friends. Failing to make an attempt to connect with the Japanese students, whom he considers his enemies, he loathes them even more. He is resentful that his beloved China is in time of chaos while Japan is thriving and that distances him from his surroundings even more. He is sexually frustrated and unable to connect with girls. He tries to physically ease his frustration but feels sickened and considers it to be immoral. Having been influenced by Confucian tradition, he constantly tries to discipline and improve himself, yet his attempts are always overwhelmed by new desires and beliefs. Influenced by western literature, he finds peace when he recites poetry written by romantic writers and spends his sole time appreciating nature. This aspiration of western culture and liberal thinking constantly competes with the previous morality of the character. His personal conditions and experiences represent, and are the effects of, the undergoing struggles of Chinese society during the time of political chaos. After the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, China did not have a real government. The society feels rejected, because other countries are not willing to step in and help establish a new administration. Although people anticipate a new liberal government, soon another Emperor takes office. Moral and traditional philosophy infiltrated by Confucianism made the Chinese culture humble and fearful just like the character’s personality. While manifesting many strong feelings of hate, sorrow, and frustration, the character is unable to take any measures to change his perceptions. In the end of the story the character commits suicide, stating; â€Å"O China, My China, you are the cause of my death! I wish you could become rich and strong soon!†¦ Many, many of your children are still suffering. † We can see that regardless of all the struggles he went through, the character is a great patriot of his country, and while he does not see any hope for his own healing, his sorrow and death symbolizes his hope for his Country and future generations. Contradiction We see that the characters in all three stories have various emotional and psychological traits that reflect China in its time of turmoil. We also see that all characters ultimately demonstrated great patriotism towards their country. In order to understand the reasons behind those qualities we have to observe a number of factors from authors’ perspective. Lu Xun, Yu Dafu, and Ding Ling were all authors that were greatly influenced by the revolutionary times in China and their stories illustrate, in part, their own feelings towards their society. The overthrow of the emperor, in the beginning of twenties century brought a new wind of change. People started to believe that new times are about to form. Western culture and political approach started to inspire people to believe that a better future is around the corner. The characters in our stories help us better to understand the circumstances and the condition of Chinese society in those crucial times. At first we observe Lu Xun’s â€Å"A Diary of a Madman† in which we see a man that is perceived as a madman by his society. Although in the story it might be so, we can identify a certain metaphor that symbolizes the character’s wisdom. While cannibalism was actually practiced in some instances in Imperial China, Lu Xun drew a picture that resembled the old imperialistic China that suppressed its society, â€Å"eating† their liberty. Imperialism vanished by the time all three stories have been written, yet society is still unable to change their old mentality. This resistance to change because of old settled-in traditions can also be seen in both â€Å"A Day† and â€Å"Sinking. And yet Ding Ling, similar to Lu Xun, in her story portrays mainly the difficulties of social change, Yu Dafu illustrates them on an individual that is also infected with old traditions overpowering his wish for change. Society formulates individuals that in turn makeup the former. The relationship between them is inevitable. It appears that all authors conveyed their personal outlook of their society through their stories. Resistance to change might have been the most difficult obstacle China had to overcome for a better tomorrow, and the offered stories showed us the disturbances of individuals in relation to their society. How to cite Resistance of Change in Chinese Society in the Beginning of 20’s Century, Papers

Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction The case of Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253, 364; 41 ACSR 72, acts as a reminded to all the directors and the companies, that they have the responsibility of making certain that there is a need for an effective corporate governance framework (Hooper, 2011). This framework is needed to protect the companies from any improper actions, which can be taken by the director of such a company. There is a need to have ample amount of checks and balances to guarantee that the system is not breached or bypassed with ease (Paolini, 2014). This was a very complicated, yet unique case, involving the breach of a number of duties covered in the governing act of Corporations Act, 2001 (CA). Some of the duties breached in this case were related to the duty of care and diligence, duty to not use the information in an improper manner, and the duties of the director (Baxt, 2005). In the following parts, this case has been discussed using the IRAC format. Though, before that is carried on, a discussion has been made on the background of this case. In this particular case, an undocumented and unsecured payment to the amount of $10 million loan was made by HIHC (HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd) to PEE (Pacific Eagle Equity Pty Ltd). Adler controlled this company PEE ad this in turn, was the trustee of AEUT (Australian Equities Unit Trust). Alder was both the substantial shareholder of HIH and the non-executive director through the Adler Corporation Limited. PEE became AEUTs trustee after the loan was received by it. Afterwards, the $10 million loan to PEE by HIHC was applied for the subscription of HIHC, for $10 million worth of AEUT units (Justis, 2017). A purchase was made by PEE for the shares of HIH, which were listed on the stock market, to the value of $4 million. And these shares of HIH were then sold by PEE at a loss of $2 million. The shares of HIH were purchased by PEE to give an untrue impression to the entire stock market that the investors of HIH were gaining due to the good work being varied on in the company. A purchase was also made by PEE from Adler Corporation towards their unlisted shares worth $ 4 million, of the technology and communication companies. This entire purchase was a complete loss based investment (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). Under the trust, a value of $ 2 million was given by AEUT to Adler. However, the board had no knowledge about these transactions and an approval of the shareholders was also not done. This was in addition to an absence of disclosure to the board, along with the same to the investment committee of HIH. There was also a lack of the proper documentation and security for the loan given. The rationale for the absence of these was to avoid an attention being drawn by the other directors of HIH (Cassidy, 2006). Whether there has been a breach of directors duties on part of Adler, and other directors and officers, or not? Section 9 of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) defines who can be deemed as a director of the company. As per this definition, an individual who is appointed to work as a director or an alternative director, irrespective of the name given to their position, is a director of the company. Even though an individual may not be appointed as a director, they can still act as the director of the company. This is the case of de factor director, where the individual acts in the directors position; or the shadow director, on whose instructions, the board is accustomed to act. There has to be an existence of the duties of directors to hold the individual responsible and to safeguard the shareholders. The officers of the company are also defined through this section, and involve such executives, who hold the senior position in the company, at the board level. They have the power of affecting the business of the company, either wholly or partly. And hence, have the same duties as the directors of the company (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Section 180(1) of CA puts forward the duty on the directors, along with the other officers of the company to use their authority and discharge their obligations in a manner which shows diligence and care, which any prudent individual would undertake in similar situation and with similar position. The executive directors of the company are involved in the daily management of the company. Hence, they have special responsibilities in their position; along with that they have a knowledge pertaining to the companys operations. Alternatively, the non-executive directors indulge in part time work for the company and have regular, but not daily based involvement with the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017a). Section 180(2) of this act provides that the directors, along with the other officers of the company, when make a business judgment rule, cannot be held accountable for the judgment undertaken by them as per the equitable, statutory or common law duty of care and diligence, where the elements can be easily established. These elements relate to taking the decision for a proper purpose and in good faith, where there is an absence of material personal interest in the issue of judgment. Moreover, there is a need to be informed about the matter on which the decision is being taken and undertaking the reasonable steps to ensure that the decision is reasonable and that the decision is in the best interest of the company (WIPO, 2015). Through these provisions, the directors are given a protection from the personal liability in the matter where they have taken a business judgment in best interest of the company and in good faith. The rationale behind the same is that certain decisions may turn out to be loss making and other as profit making, even when both are made in a rational and honest manner (Gonski, 2015). Section 181 of this act puts a statutory obligation on the directors, along with the other officers of the company, to act in the best interest, good faith and for proper purpose, while using their authority and discharging their obligations (Armstrong Lawyers, 2007). For establishing what can be deemed as interest, good faith or the proper purpose, the approach of a reasonable individual in same situation is undertaken. For instance, when a conflict of interest occurs and the directors deals with the matter on behalf of the company also, and fails to disclose the material interest, a breach of this section would take place (ICNL, 2017). As per section 182 of CA, the employees and the officers are prohibited from using the position in the company, which is detrimental for the company or which results in an advantage being gained for them or for someone else. Section 183 contains the provisions regarding the proper use of information. as per this section, the officers and directors of the company are forbidden from making a misuse of the information of the company which is detrimental for the company or which results in an advantage being gained for them or for someone else (Plessis, Hargovan and Bagaric, 2010). Section 208 of CA provides that an approval of shareholders is needed when a financial benefit is discharged towards a related party. The only exception is when the same is done at arms length (IMF, 2012). In this particular case, Adler is the director of the company as per the definition given in section 9 of the act, even though he had not been appointed as being an officer or director of the company. The decision making on part of Adler can be seen from his role in the subsidiary, the holding as being the director and as being the investment committees member and his decisions impact the business of the company. He was constantly informed about the fundamental of the business, which made him the director of the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). William was the HIH and HIHCs managing director and there was a contravention of provisions of 180(1) on his part. This is because he failed to protect HIHC while the loan was being given to PEE. HIHs finance director Fodera breached this section as he did not discuss the proposal for giving the loan to the amount to $ 10 million to PEE, or to the investment committee and board of HIH. So, being the executive directors of the company, there was a breach on part of William and Fodera, as they both fell short in carrying their role in a proper manner (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). Regarding section 180(1), there had been a breach on part of Williams, Fodera and Adler as they failed to take the requisite care. Moreover, reliance could not be made by the three of them as per section 180(2) of this act. This is because for Adler, this rule could not be applied on him. The reasons for this being his conflict of interest position, due to the decision for investing $10 million in PEE from HIHC. For Williams, this rule could not defend him as there was a failure on his part, to make certain that the proper safeguards had been applied and there was no business judgment undertaken by him for satisfying section 180(3). Even if the same is considered as a business judgment, the presence of material personal interest renders it useless. He failed to act for a proper purpose or in good faith to satisfy the obligation of section 180(2) (a) (Armstrong Lawyers, 2007). Fodera also cannot use this defense as he failed to refer transaction undertaken between PEE and HIH to the b oard or investment committee of HIH (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). In this case, there was also a contravention section 181(1) as Adler did not discharge his obligations or use his authority in good faith of the company, or in the best interest of the same. This is evident from the transactions which took place in PEE, HIH and HIHC, where there was an improper use, for his personal interest (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). There was also a contravention of section 182 here on part of Adler. This stemmed from the arrangement made to HIHC to PEE regarding the $10 million loan, which was later on used for making an acquisition of the shares of HIH from the stock market. The sole purpose of undertaking this transaction was to support the increase of price in the shares of HIH and to later sell the same owned by Adler Corporation, before these could be sold off by PEE. This resulted in a total loss of investment on part of PEE regarding the share of HIH (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). Adler has made an improper use of his position by being HIHs and PEEs director, and the officer of HIHC for putting Adler Corporation in an advantageous position. There was also a breach on part of Williams for being director in HIHC and HIH as per section 182 for helping Adler in putting Adler Corporation in an advantageous position. The reason was that the loan payment was made in absence of the approval of investment committee of HIH, which was required on his part as per the investment guidelines of HIH (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). Adler wrongly used his position as being PEEs director for the acquisition of unlisted capital from Adler Corporation at a cost price where an independent valuation was not taken for these ventures. Due to the success of these transactions, both Adler Corporation and Adler were able to exclude themselves from the business operations which could be deemed as commercially unviable. Adler was aware about the cash flow problems which were being faced by these businesses and that each one of these had a major risk of collapsing ultimately. There was also a failure on part of Adler to disclose his personal interest to the board of Williams and Fodera. There was also a misuse of the information of the company, so section 183 was also breached (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). The transaction undertaken by Adler did not attain a shareholder approval as per section 208 of this act. Also, the same could not fulfill the exception of being at arms length. Hence, all three, i.e., Fodera, Adler and Williams breached this section of the act too (Segalla, 2017). Conclusion To summarize, the directors and other offices, in this case, failed to fulfill the provisions of the CA. And hence, deserve appropriate penalties, as levied by the court of law. References Armstrong Lawyers. (2007) Directors Duties. [Online] Armstrong Lawyers. Available from: https://www.vcta.asn.au/documents/item/400 [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017a) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017b) ASIC v Adler and 4 Ors [2002] NSWSC 483 (30 May 2002). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2002/483.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=asic%20v%20adler [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2017) The AdlerWilliams cases on appeal Law Reporter. [Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/publications/company-director-magazine/2000-to-2009-back-editions/2004/february/the-adlerwilliams-cases-on-appeal-law-reporter [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Baxt, R. (2007) Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 19th ed. Sydney, NSW: The Australian Institute of Company Directors. Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Gonski, D. (2015) I Gave a Gonski: Selected Speeches. London: Penguin UK. Hooper, M. (2011) The Business Judgment Rule: ASIC v Rich and the reasonable-rational divide. [Online] Bond University. Available from: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021context=cgej [Accessed on: 30/04/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 30/04/17] IMF. (2012) Australia: Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking SupervisionDetailed Assessment of Observance. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Justis. (2017) ASIC v Adler 4 Ors 2002. [Online] Justis. Available from: https://app.justis.com/case/asic-v-adler-4-ors/overview/c5CJn0CdnXWca [Accessed on: 30/04/17] Paolini, A. (2014) Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. Plessis, J.J.D., Hargovan, A., and Bagaric, M. (2010) Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Segalla, S. (2011) Checklist for directors' duties. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1303/checklist-for-directors-duties.aspx [Accessed on: 30/04/17] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 30/04/17]

The Operations of Apple Inc in the United States of America and China

Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs, develops and markets consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. It has a wide range of products both software and hardware; the hardware include, iPod, iPhone and the iPad while software includes; iTune, iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software and iWork suite of productivity software.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Operations of Apple Inc in the United States of America and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Owing to its emphasis on the philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design and its distinctive advertising campaigns, the company not only endeared itself to consumers globally but also confirmed its status as a major player in the consumer electronics industry. The fact that the Apple App store can be found in 96 countries globally underpins its scope (Chesbrough Henry, 2003). Apple’s mission stat ement sums what the company is all about. ‘Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and internet offerings. Apple Inc. deploy Apple brand to compete across various competitive markets. These markets include computer industry, the electronics industry and the advertising market. Apple’s product strategy has been instrumental in helping the company to launch and maintain a formidable campaign against its rivals. Apple’s product strategy entails developing innovative products and services that are in sync with a digital hub strategy. Apple Macintosh computer products serve as digital hub for the various Apple digital devices such as the iPod, digital video and still cameras, cellular phones, personal digital assistants and other digital devices. The most recent brand strategy by Apple lays a lot of emphasis on customer experience. It took Apple a long time to penetrate the China market. When iPhone was released in the year 2007, it did not get a positive reception. It was deemed to be unnecessarily overpriced. Apple did not also have an official Chinese distributor. Nevertheless, the product became popular with the affluent Chinese who had more disposable income. Apple eventually got an official distributor for its merchandise. China Unicom, the second largest mobile phone operator in China, obtained the rights to distribute the iPhone in China. A lot of factors are responsible for Apple’s success in China. Apple had an extremely strong series of products starting with the iPod in 2001 to the iPhone in 2007. The level of product differentiation by Apple was unprecedented. It was superior to the ones that existed in the market at the time. Their superb design appealed to a wider audience (Chandler Alfred, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple Inc. in America added to its distribution channels to shore up sales. They opted for distribution channels with high sales volumes such as ATT, Best Buy, and Wal- Mart. These allowed Apple to reach to a wider audience. Apple has also opened retail stores in various major cities around the world in high-end shopping malls in an effort to shore up its sales volumes. In China, Apple teamed up with China Unicom to distribute Apple’s products and services. The formation of strategic alliances is applied in other countries as well. Apple opened its first store in Beijing in the year 2008. It has plans to open twenty five more stores around China in future. The Apple brand is referred to as a premium brand because its competitiveness is not centered on the price of its products and services. Apple does not have to slash the prices of its products and services for it to be competitive. This is because the reduction in prices will not only lead to reduced profits but will also erode the value of the company’s shares (Carlton Jim, 1997). The reduction of prices is unhealthy for premium brands such as Apple because of price elasticity. Price elasticity is the change in demand for a product in response to the change in price of that product. Premium brands have low price elasticity; change in price of premium products or will not significantly alter the demand for those particular products. Therefore, reducing the prices of premium products is of little consequence if any to its demand. Apple’s price strategy is anchored on the human psychology. Human beings are interesting in that if a product is out of their reach with regard to its price, they will attach more value to it. Affluent consumers will ‘break their banks’ so to speak just to acquire what they intensely desire. This informs Apples price strategy (Grindley Peter, 1995). In the States, Apple’s origina l iPhone recorded obscene sales despite it costing more than its closest competitor. In China, instead of manufacturing affordable products for the Chinese market, Apple opted to wait until the disposable incomes of their target market increased to a level which they could afford to purchase Apple’s core products. A global business environment refers to factors within any business environment that should be considered as they will have a bearing on the performance of a business in that environment. They include, the economic outlook of the region in which the business will operate in, political and social developments, availability of skilled labor, consumer buying behavior, physical infrastructure and the competitive strength of potential rivals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Operations of Apple Inc in the United States of America and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In our countries of choic e, United States and China, the global business environments differ. The United States is a nation that subscribes to capitalism while China subscribes to social communism. The United States has for a long time now has had the largest economy globally. It is only recently that China’s economy has grown exponentially to be the second largest economy in the world. The United States boasts of population with more disposable income which they freely to spend. The governance structures of the two countries are diametrically opposite; hence their respective formal institutions impose statutory rules, regulations and laws which differ (Philip Tushman, 1990). The competitive environment for Apple in the United States favors Apple’s. Nokia found the going hard when Apple’s iPhone superseded Nokia’s Smartphone in sales. Nokia consequently lay off 7000 employees to cut costs. Apple officially became the largest mobile phone company in terms of revenue leaving Nokia with the unenviable title of the largest handset maker in terms of volume. In China the case was no different. Many tabs had flooded the market with better features than those of iPad 2. None challenged Apple’s supremacy. The sleek design together with the app support in the Apple store put the iPad in a class of its own. It is all the rage among affluent consumers in China. Other tablet makers in China are looking to launch tablets that will challenge iPad 2’s dominance. Apple does not target markets. Therein lays the gem that turned the fortunes of this company around for the better. Apple realized that it was the individuals who worked for the companies that Apple was trying to target rather than the company itself who ultimately rejected or accepted a product. Apple targets the end user and allows them to decide where and how they are going to use Apple’s products. Apple focuses on the end user, develops superb products for them, and let’s them decid e on the best way to put the technology to use. Apple uses all forms of media to communicate to its prospective consumers. In the year 2007, Apple’s advertising budget was approximately $467 million to specifically market the iPhone. Apple used all modes of advertising to bring purchasers to its point of sale. These include television, radio, print and digital media. Culture has impacted the operations of Apple in the United States and China. Since the United States has a free and vibrant society, it follows that the consumers will spend freely leading to increase in revenue as a result of increased sales. Apple is free to do whatever it wants to so long as its activities are legal. In America, Apple’s options are endless as it can engage in whatever activity it wishes to (Grant Robert, 1991).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In China, liberal spending is abhorred. This leads low sales Apple’s part considering its products are expensive. Every activity that goes on within the borders of China is monitored by the State. This can be costly to Apple since it has to always confer with the authorities if it wants to engage in any activity hence curtailing its flexibility. Lastly, the only undoing of Apple is the fact that all the power lies with one person, the CEO Steve Jobs. This is risky to the interest of the company. Other managers ought to have jobs delegated to them so that they can learn the ropes of management gradually. If they make any mistakes they are corrected immediately hence if Steve Jobs leaves, the company will be able to run without any hitches. References Carlton, K., Jim, A. (1997). Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunder. New York: Times Business. Chandler, F., Alfred, D. (2001). Inventing the Electronic Century. The Epic Story of the Consumer Electr onics and Computer Industries. New York, NY: Free Press. Chesbrough, P., Henry, J. (2003). Open Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. Grant, L., Robert M. (1991). The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review, 33, (3), 4-22. Grindley, A., Peter, M. (1995). Standards, Strategy, and Policy: Cases and Stories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Philip, R., Tushman, M. (1990). Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, (4), 604-633. This essay on The Operations of Apple Inc in the United States of America and China was written and submitted by user Haylee Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Satis house and entrance Essays

Satis house and entrance Essays Satis house and entrance Paper Satis house and entrance Paper Dickens uses repetition often so it makes the readers think there is a sense of danger and threat. It also causes a bit of humour because the convict keeps saying he will rip out Pips heart and liver.  In the churchyard Pip meets a man called Magwitch who is a convict and Pip knows he is a convict and the readers also do because Dickens says  A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied around his head. A man who ha been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled: and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. In Dickens day if you didnt wear a hat you were considered not to be a gentlemen and were worthless so this make Pip sense threat.  Dickens uses verbs such as soaked, smothered, lamed and stung. This is to keep the readers visualising what the convict has been through to escape. This also ties in with earlier when the convict says  I wish I was a frog or a eel!  Magwitch says this because he is soaking wet and muddy he has escaped from prison and he wishes he were an eel because hes on the marshes and being an eel would suit him and the environment.  In chapter eight Dickens writes about Miss Havishams house in a dark and creepy manor and this sets the atmosphere for her house. It was paved and clean, but grass was growing in every crevice. And all was empty and disused. The cold wind seemed to blow colder than outside the gate; and it made a shrill noise in howling in and out at the open sides of the brewery, like the noise of the wind in the rigging of a ship at sea.  The world shrill noise gives the readers a unpleasant imagination of what kind of dark noise it. This makes the house sound supernatural and like it is in a world of its own. The house makes Pip feel insecure and it makes him feel like he doesnt know himself. Also the words ship at sea implies that Pip is on a new voyage because he is meeting different people and going on new journeys. In chapter eight Dickens portrays Satis house and explains how the entrance has got two chains across it, which acts as a prison. This shows that Miss Havisham has become a prisoner and has imprisoned herself in her own house.   The great front entrance had two chains across it outside- and the first thing I noticed was that the passages were all dark. This also ties in with chapter one because Miss Havisham has imprisoned herself and Magwitch has escaped from prison. The word dark reveals that Miss Havisham lives in complete darkness because she has imprisoned herself from light because she has closed all the shutters and windows so the light doesnt peer through. Dickens later on writes bout Miss Havishams brewery yard in a very negative way and he implies death is all around and this ties in with chapter one and this is why the brewery yard is deserted.   To be sure it was a deserted place.  Also the word no is repeated often because this reveals that everything in the brewery yard is dead including animal and this is why its deserted.  Later in Great Expectations Dickens writes about how the beer in the empty caskets had turned sour which is a metaphor and this implies with Miss Havisham because she has also turned sour. He also writes about the garden, which he describes as a rank garden and he also writes about how the house is overgrown with tangled weeds. This ties in with chapter one when Pip goes to the churchyard to his parents grave to visualise them and his brothers the grave stones are overgrown with tangled weeds. Which had a certain sour remembrance of better days lingering about them;  Behind the farthest end of the brewery was a rank garden.  When Pip first enters Miss Havishams house he walks into a dark room which waiting for him is Miss Havisham. When he walks in he sees a ladys a dressing table and back in Dickens days if you had dressing table you were considered to be rich.  And that I made out at first to be a fine ladys dressing table.  When Pip goes into Satis house and meets Miss Havisham he realises that she has a ladys dressing table and that Miss Havisham herself was wearing rich materials like satin, lace and silks. The word white is repeated a varied of times and this makes it incongruous. He also notices that she is not wearing her watch and neither her train and she only has one shoe on this gives the reader the impression Miss Havisham is half arranged. She was dressed in rich materials- satins and lace, and silks- all of white. For she had but one shoe on- the other had was on the table near her hand- her veil was but half arranged, her watch and chain were not put on.  Dickens uses imagery of death and decay by describing Miss Havisham dress as faded and yellow. This implies that she has also faded and lost her essence and immortality. She has also withered, and has sunken eyes this implies she has lost the passion from her eyes and now her eyes seem to reveal a dark past. She also looked liked a ghastly waxwork, which tells us she seems alive but she is no longer living inside.  Furthermore Dickens writes about how Miss Havisham is half dressed and still trapped in the past with all of her bad memories she cant escape. Miss Havisham is stuck in a time where she doesnt wasnt to forget that she was gilted. Miss Havisham has stopped all the clocks because she doesnt want to forget. Watch had stopped a twenty minutes to nine, and that a clock in the room had stopped at twenty minutes to nine.  Miss Havisham has stopped all the clocks because she doesnt want to forget that awful day. She wants people to know that she was gilted and its like she wants to drag everyone down with her so they can also feel her pain and misery. Miss Havisham because of this sort of inhales all of her pain and misery and thrives off it to sort of survive.   She uttered the word with an eager look, and with strong emphasises, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast in it. Dickens creates death imagery again by creating Miss Havisham as a dead corpse and describes everything as decayed and which have no expression to them anymore. A shroud covers a dead body so this ties in with the death imagery.  Dickens writes about how Miss Havisham looks like she is wearing grave-clothes or the long veil so like a shroud. So she sat, corpse-like.  Dickens writes about Miss Havisham in a very low and intimidating way. He writes about now the emotional blow from when she was gilted is like physical violence because of he appearance. Her chest had drooped, so that she stooped; and her voice had dropped, so that she spoke low, and with a dead lull upon her; altogether she had the appearance of having drooped, body and soul, within and without, under the weight of a crushing blow.  The first time Pip meets Estelle he gets very intimidated by her and she is very sarcastic towards Pip and this makes Pip feel small. She always calls Pip boy and this intimidates him even more even though theyre about the same age.   But dont loiter boy. She seemed much older than I, of course being a girl and beautiful and self-possessed; and she was a scornful of me as if she had been one-and-twenty, and a queen. Later on again Estelle makes Pip feel really small and she intimidates him so much about his hands. This makes Pip feel insecure about his body and also this hurts him inside because he doesnt know who he is anymore.   I had never though of being ashamed of my own hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. Her contempt was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it.  The same as Estelle keeps on making Pip feel insecure and makes hi not sure of who he really is. Estelle treats Pip like dog and this is very humiliating for Pip.   As if I was a dog in disgrace. I was humiliated, hurt spurned, offended, angry and sorry.  After Estelle had intimidated Pip about his hands she humiliates Pip about his background and about how he plays cards and what he calls them. Hes always been like a friend to Joe but because now Pip has been taught wrong what the cards are called he feels ashamed and embarrassed and blames Joe for it. They had never troubled me before, but they troubled me now, as vulgar appendages. I determined to ask Joe why he had never taught me to call those picture- cards, Jacks, which ought to be called Knaves.  After this Pip is feeling even smaller and very scared. He is scared of Estelle because of the way he was brought up by his sister in a very strict and punishable way. This has made Pip feel sensitive and very vulnerable when around Estelle.   My sisters bringing up had made me sensitive. In the little world in which children have their existence, whoever brings them up, there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice. In a great part refer the fact that I was morally timid and sensitive.  Dickens creates imaginative and passionate images of people and places by the novel being serialised. Dickens teases us by not telling us more of the story and leaving it exciting and imaginative moments. The favourite image in my mind Dickens has created for me when Pip was stood outside Satis house and entrance and it had chains across it which made it look like a prison you were trapped in. It creates and very strong and dark image in my mind and it was like I was there visualising the entrance of Satis house

Operations Management Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations Management Definition - Essay Example According to Westland (n.d., pp. 1), project is defined as to perform certain activities for the completion or execution of work which is planned to get delivered within a specific time. Projects have specific characteristics. For example, they are unique i.e. every project is different from the other. Another example is that there is certain amount of money in which they have to be completed in a specific time. Operations:According to Shim and Siegel (1999, pp.2), operations can be defined as the labor undertaken for making goods and services available. They have to be completed in time set by the customer and the manufacturer.Project and Operations ManagementAccording to Shim and Siegel (1999, pp.2), project and operations management is the management of all the processes or in other words, activities which are associated to the manufacturing of goods and services. According to Westland (n.d., pp.1), the project can be completed with the help of certain apparatus and dexterity. Wit h the help of talented people and good management project can be completed with success. With the help of dexterity, cleverness and skill the risks associated with in a project can be reduced. Experienced people are hired in management for this purpose. The tools or apparatus used to complete a project related to building a house may include pens, gauges, nails, wood, budgeting, CAD software and checklists etc. Methods or processes used for completing a project are divided in different and small tasks.

Army customs and courtesies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Army customs and courtesies - Essay Example A courtesy is a conscious conduct regularly connected to a custom (AR 600–25, 2004). A courtesy in the Army is such conduct reached out to a man or thing that distinctions them somehow. Military traditions characterize the calling of arms. When one shows military courtesies and traditions in different circumstances, one exhibits to oneself as well as other people ones dedication to obligation, honor, and nation. The existence of courtesy rules among individuals from the Armed Forces is essential to look after order. Military civility implies great behavior and respectfulness in managing other individuals. Affable conduct gives a premise to growing great human relations. The refinement in the middle of non military personnel and military graciousness is that military politeness was created in a military air and has turn into a vital piece of serving in uniform. The salute is not just an honor traded. It is a favored signal of admiration and trust among warriors. It is essential to keep in mind the salute is endorsed by regulation as well as acknowledgment of one anothers dedication, capacities, and demonstrable skill (AR 600–25, 2004). The starting point of the military salute is questionable, however it likely started as a signal of trust to demonstrate that a man was not holding a weapon. A few history specialists think saluting started in Roman times when deaths were normal. A subj ect who needed to see an open authority needed to approach with his right hand raised to demonstrate that he did not hold a weapon. The salute is broadly misjudged outside the military. Some consider it to be a signal of servility since the lesser extends a salute to the senior, yet we realize that it is a remarkable inverse. The salute is an expression that perceives one another as an individual from the calling of arms; that they have made an individual duty of benevolence to safeguard our lifestyle. The way that

Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm

Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm and Query Processing using Localized Servers. P.Jessy Abstract—This paper identifying records that produces compatible results using Fast Clustering Selection Algorithm. A selection algorithm may be evaluated from both the efficiency and effectiveness points of view. While the efficiency concerns the time required to find a record, the effectiveness is related to the quality of the record. The selection algorithm fetches the result with the help of register number. The Selection algorithm works in two steps. In the first step, the register number fetches the result from the server. The record for every individual will be obtained by hit method. The sender sends the request to the server. In the second step, the most representative record that is strongly related to target classes is fetched from database. The record fetches from the database by the register number. The string generation algorithm is guaranteed to generate the optimal result k candidates. We analyses the results of students using Selection Algorithm. We need to de fine compatible operation analogs by introducing max-min operation min-max operation. It automatically collects data from the web to enrich the result. The analysis of result for huge students make more time. The accuracy of the result has to be considered. We need to fetch the result individually by their register number. It leads to time inefficiency. In a proposed system, we obtain the result for a group of students. The Selection method fetches the result for a student according to their register number which is entered in between a range. The result for the student automatically fetched from the server. Once the result for the candidate has been fetched from the server, it stored in the client database. Then we sort the result of the student as group. It increases the accuracy and makes the efficient one. It reduces the burden of the people who analyze the result. The result analysis is performed within a short period. We can generate the report based on the GRADE system. Our experimental evaluation shows that our approach generates superior results. Extensive experiments on large real data sets demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness. Finally we sort the results of students using FAST CLUSTERING SELECTION algorithm. Index Terms FAST, Minmax Maxmin Operation. INTRODUCTION Students play a major role in Educational field.Students are evaluated under different categories: By choosing their institution, studying well, gaining good knowledge, and getting good marks. Result analysis of each student paves the way for their higher education as well as their improvement in future. Percentage marks prior to the grade scheme were converted into grades for ease of comparison. The reliability of the new scheme was again studied using statistical analysis of data obtained from both the old and new schemes. Some assessment schemes use a grading category index (GCI) instead of actual mark for each assessment criterion. GCIs usually have a smaller number of options to choose from when awarding results. For example, the GCI may gave eight levels with the highest being awarded to exceptional students and the lowest being awarded to students of inadequate performance. This reduced level of categories has been shown to result in less variability between assessors compare to systems which use marking ranges between 0 and 100. The Results of the students are analyzed using Fast Clustering Selection Algorithm. In this paper, we are analyzing the results of students using clustering methods with the help of filtering by introducing max-min operation min-max operation.The filter method is usually a good choice when the number of records is very large.The SELECTION algorithm works in two steps. In the first step, the register number fetches the result from the server. The record for every individual will be obtained by hit method. The sender sends the request to the server. In thesecond step,themost representative record that is strongly related to target classes is fetched from database.It consists of three components: query generation, and data selection and presentation.This approach automatically determinesinformation. It then automatically collects data fromthe web .By processing a large set of data; it is able to deal with more complex queries. In order to collect result, we need to generate informative queries. The queries have to be generated for every individual student.It increases the time to fetches the result and inefficiency. In order to overcome this, the queries are generated along with unique identification number i.e. register number. Based on the generated queries, we vertically collect image data with multimedia search engines.We then perform reranking a nd duplicate removal to obtain a set of accurate and representative results. 2. RELATED WORK Selection can be viewed as the process of identifying and removing as many irrelevant and redundant record as possible. This is because: (i) irrelevant records do not contribute to the predictive accuracy, and (ii) redundant features do not redound to getting a better predictor for that they provide mostly information which is already present. Selection focused on searching for relevant records. Irrelevant data, along with redundant data, severely affect the accuracy. Thus, selection should be able to identify and remove as much of the irrelevant and redundantinformation as possible. QUERY GENERATION To collect result from the web,we need to generate appropriate queries before performing search. We accomplish the task with two steps. The first step is query extraction. We needto extract a set of informative keywords from querying. The second step is query selection.This is because we can generate different queries: one fromretrieve, one from display, and one from the combinationof retrieve and display. In query generation, given an input string Qi, we aim to generate the most likely koutput strings sothat can betransformed from Qi and have the largest probabilities. DATA SELECTION AND PRESENTATION We perform search using the generated queries to collect the result of the student. The result of the student is fetched from the server by three processes. Before query generation, the register number for the students is fetched from the database. The register numbers are grouped based upon the department. The register number for each group is partitioned and stored as arrays of objects. In query generation, the register number is added with the query and it performs the request to server.The results are built upon text based indexing. Therefore, reranking is essential to reorder the initial text-based search results. A query-adaptivereranking approach is used for the selection of the result. We first decide whether a query is text related or image related, and then we use different features for reranking. Here we regard the prediction of whether a query is text related as a classification task.We can choose to match each query term with a result list. But it will not be easy tofind a complete list. In addition, it will be difficult to keep the list updated in time. We adopt a method that analyzes results. Thus, we perform a duplicate removal step to avoid information redundancy. The result which is fetched from the server may increases the time if there is large amount of data. To increases the time efficiency we need to process the query in a different manner. The results are grouped with the help of group id. EVALUATION OF QUERY GENERATION The generated query is first passed as a string to the server. The server searches the result with the register number. Once the result is found for the particular register number, the server sends the respond to the query client.Theresult received for a particular student is stored in the database with help of the register number. The results can be printed for a group of students by simply selecting the results from database with the group id. The group id is set for a group of students based upon their department id. The department id is a unique constraint for the identification of the record. In query generation the records are fetched from the server and stored in the client database by the department id and group id. EVALUATION OF RERANKING We use the query adaptive ranking to perform query classification and thenadopt query-adaptive reranking accordingly. It is our proposedapproach and it is denoted as â€Å"proposed†. After reranking, we perform duplicate removal and irrelevant removal of result. 3. ALGORITHM AND ANALYSIS The proposed FAST algorithm logically consists of two steps: (i) removing irrelevant record, (ii) removing redundant record. 1) Irrelevant records have no/weak correlation with target concept; 2) Redundant records are assembled in a cluster and a representative data can be taken out of the cluster. ALGORITHM For every result Calculate the average queue size(avg) ifminth { Calculateprobability pa With probability pa: ifregister no. is valid and if the result is not already fetched { Mark the result Send request to the sender and save the result } else Drop the request to the server } else if maxth Store the result in database Send acknowledgment to the server. Fig.1. gives the flowchart of the algorithm FAST Algorithm The FAST algorithm fetches the result of the student with the help of the register number. T F T F Fig.1. Flowchart of the algorithm FAST Algorithm The algorithm checks whether the given register number is valid or invalid. The register number is a collection of college code and student code. The college code is used to identify the result of the particular college. The FAST algorithm calculates the probability of finding the result of the student from the server. Then it identifies the results from the server using the request and response method. The avg SELECTIVITY OF RANGE QUERIES Selectivity estimation of range queries is a much harder problem. Several methods were available. However, they are only able to estimate the number of records in the range. None can be efficiently adapted to estimate the number of results in the range. One naive solution is to treat information as record by removing the irrelevant information. This clearly increases the space consumption significantly (and affects the efficiency) since the number of points is typically much larger than the number of existing nodes. When generating the query workload for ourdatasets we had to address two main challenges. We had to generate a workload,with an attribute distribution representing the user interests in a realistic way. Second, we had to create queries of theform attribute-value. Query reformulation involves rewriting the original query with its similar queries and enhancing the effectiveness of search. Most existing methods manage to mine transformation rules from pairs of queries in thesearch logs. One represents an original query and the other represents a similar query. 1) Select the length of the query l by sampling from a uniform probability distribution with lengths varying from 1 to 3. 2) Select an attribute A1 using the popularity that they have on the vector 3) Select the next attribute A2 using the co-occurrence ratio with the previous attribute A1. 4) Repeat from Step 2, until we get l different attributes. DATABASE SIZE EFFECT We check the effect of the size of the database on the precision of attribute suggestions and thenumber of query matches. We consider subsets of the database of documents of different sizes. As expected the proposed strategies increase their quality when weincrease the data size. The size of the result is based on the method of us storing it. We storing the data which is retrieved from sever to the client database which increases the time efficiency and minimum storage capacity. The results are stored in the database by the student register number which requires less storage and increases the efficiency of accessing the information. 4. CONCLUSION In this paper, we have presented a clustering-based selection algorithm for result analysis. The algorithm involves (i) removing irrelevantrecords, (ii) removing redundant record. We can do the result analysis but it makes more time to get the result of every student. For that we are using a selection algorithm which removes the redundancy of the result and using it we can fetch the result of large group of people. We have adopted a method to remove duplicates, but in many cases more diverse results may be better. In our future work, we will further improve the scheme, such as developing better query generation method and investigating the relevant segmentsfrom the result. 5. REFERENCES [1] Chanda P., Cho Y., Zhang A. and Ramanathan M., Mining of Attribute Interactions Using Information Theoretic Metrics, In Proceedings of IEEE international Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp 350-355, 2009. [2] Y. Du, S. Gupta, and G. Varsamopoulos, â€Å"Improving On-Demand Data Access Efficiency in MANETs with Cooperative Caching,† Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 7, pp. 579-598, May 2009. [3] Biesiada J. and Duch W., Features election for high-dimensionaldataÅ‚a Pearson redundancy based filter, AdvancesinSoftComputing, 45, pp 242C249, 2008. [4] Garcia S and Herrera F., An extension on â€Å"Statistical Comparisons of Classifiers over Multiple Data Sets† for all pairwise comparisons, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 9, pp 2677-2694, 2008. [5] C. Chow, H. Leong, and A. Chan, â€Å"GroCoca: Group-Based Peer- to-Peer Cooperative Caching in Mobile Environment,† IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 179-191, Jan. 2007. [6] Demsar J., Statistical comparison of classifiers over multiple data sets, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7, pp 1-30, 2006. [7] L. Yin and G. Cao, â€Å"Supporting Cooperative Caching in Ad Hoc Networks,† IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 77-89, Jan. 2006. [8] Butterworth R., Piatetsky-Shapiro G. and Simovici D.A., On Feature Selectionthrough Clustering, In Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE internationalConference on Data Mining, pp 581-584, 2005. [9] Fleuret F., Fast binary feature selection with conditional mutual Information, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 5, pp 1531-1555, 2004. [10] Dhillon I.S., Mallela S. and Kumar R., A divisive information theoretic feature clustering algorithm for text classification, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 3, pp 1265-1287, 2003. [11] Forman G., An extensive empirical study of feature selection metrics for text classification, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, pp 1289-1305, 2003. [12] Guyon I. and Elisseeff A., An introduction to variable and feature selection, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, pp 1157-1182, 2003. [13] M. Korupolu and M. Dahlin, â€Å"Coordinated Placement and Replacement for Large-Scale Distributed Caches,† IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1317-1329, Nov. 2002. [14] Das S., Filters, wrappers and a boosting-based hybrid for feature Selection, In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 74-81, 2001. [15] Dougherty, E. R., Small sample issues for microarray-based classification. Comparative and Functional Genomics, 2(1), pp 28-34, 2001. [16] S. Dykes and K. Robbins, â€Å"A Viability Analysis of Cooperative Proxy Caching,† Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2001. [17] Bell D.A. and Wang, H., A formalism for relevance and its application in feature subset selection, Machine Learning, 41(2), pp 175-195, 2000. [18] Dash M., Liu H. and Motoda H., Consistency based feature Selection, In Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 98-109, 2000. [19] Hall M.A., Correlation-Based Feature Selection for Discrete and Numeric Class Machine Learning, In Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 359-366, 2000. [20] Baker L.D. and McCallum A.K., Distributional clustering of words for text classification, In Proceedings of the 21st Annual international ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in information Retrieval, pp 96- 103, 1998.

Rogarian Arguments

Quiz – Chapter 2 Name: U number: 1. The dramatic recovery of Russian Economy in recent days can be attributed to: a. record world prices for oil and gas b. the succession of Vladimir Putin as president c. Putin slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises d. the price increases for imports due to ruble’s devaluation e. all of the above can be attributed 2. According to author William Greider, executives and marketers must take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation: a. production has become â€Å"uncoupled† from employment b. he world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nation’s economy is referred to as: a. re-nationalization b. managed democracy c. Kleptocracy d. autocracy e. None of the above 4. One of the distinguishing feat ures of Centrally Planned Capitalism economic system is: a. all production resources are privately owned b. the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit c. ommand resource allocation is utilized extensively in private resource ownership environment d. market allocation policies are permitted within and environment of state ownership e. none of the above 5. The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has hybrid economic system that incorporate: a. market capitalism and centrally planned socialism b. centrally planned socialism and market socialism c. centrally planned socialism and capitalism d. market socialism and market capitalism e. market capitalism and socialistic capitalism 6.Which type of economic system is characterized by command resource allocation and private resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 7. Which type of economic system is characterized by market resource allocation and state resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 8. China predominantly follows an economic system that can be classified under: a. centrally planned socialism b. market socialism . market capitalism d. centrally planned capitalism e. socialistic capitalism 9. Which of the following is true about economic output in China today: a. the state sector accounts for about 75 percent of output b. the state and private sectors each account for about 50 percent of output c. the private sector accounts for about 75 percent of output d. the private sector is virtually nonexistent in China e. the state sector is virtually nonexistent in China 10. The Washington, DC-based Heritage Foundation compiles a survey of over 150 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom.Although there are a number of key economic variables which are considered in this ranking it does not include: a. monetary policy b. banking policy c. black market d. property rights e. none of the above 11. Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the country since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties and before buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This according to author William Greider demonstrates that Singapore’s government: a. is harshly autocratic . administers a paranoid control over Singaporeans c. administers a paranoid control over press and politics d. runs an effective welfare state e. all of the above 12. The general characteristics shared by low-income countries does not include: a. high birth rates b. low literacy rates c. concentration in Africa south of the Sahara d. heavy reliance on foreign aid e. low tourist income 13. Which of the following BRIC nations fall in the lower-middle-i ncome category? a. India and China b. China and Brazil c. Brazil and Russia d. Russia and India e. none of the above 14.Pursuing alternative sources of energy, such as wind and solar power is important due to the fact that: a. people in developing countries are more conscious about environment b. global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues c. it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world d. heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming e. people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar 15. Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be: . Nestle marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil b. Coca-cola company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries c. New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication d. Hermes creating handbags called Amazo nia e. India’s Suzlon Energy using wind driven turbines 16. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is comprised of: a. the 30 high-income countries b. countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems c. pluralistic democracies d. countries that demonstrate progress toward economic reform e. all of the above statements are applicable 7. The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes: a. travel and entertainment b. accounting and legal services c. royalties and license fees d. engineering services e. all of the above 18. Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U. S. Treasury bonds. Such purchases: a. ensures that China’s currency is relatively weak compared to the U. S. dollar b. indicate that China is not sure of its economic viability c. show that currency exchange rate is unpredictable d. predict that yuan will be devalued in the near future e. China’s currency is stronger than the U. S. dollar 9. To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be: a. a greater demand for its currency b. a surplus production of goods and services c. a scarcity of goods and services within the country d. a need for revaluation of its currency e. time for fluctuating its currency 20. The Big Mac Index dated February 01, 2007 shows that the price of Big Mac in China was 11 yuan whereas its price in the United States was $ 3. 22. The index translated into yuan being undervalued by 56%. This shows that: a. Big Mac is more expensive in the United States than in China b.Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China c. Big Mac costs the same in the United States and China d. Big Mac is less popular in China than in the United States e. Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States Essay Question The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: on one hand the income is declinin g creating considerable economic hardship whereas there are attractive opportunities with good potential from moving out of the low-income category. What are some of the problems and opportunities for these countries?

The Affects of Divorce on Youth

In Canada, it is estimated that four in ten marriages end in divorce. Despite the â€Å"’til death do us part† vow couples participate in at the time of marriage, there were 69,600 separations in Canada in 2004 (Statistics Canada, 2004). It has also been determined that every one in two divorces involves children. Although there have been many studies done which attempt to prove that children who experience parental divorce do have behavioral problems, fail to complete high school, and have emotional discrepancies, the effects of divorce on the overall outcome of a child is not detrimental to his or her development. Those who take the stance that divorce is a determining factor through their various studies have not taken a proper representative sample of cases from children nor considered other determining factors which could also lead to a child's lack of well-being. Today a divorce is when a marriage is legally dissolved because the relationship is irretrievably broken. However, before the Divorce Act of 1968, divorces were increasingly difficult to obtain. In order to be granted one, the couple would have to meet at least one criteria of marital breakdown – they would have to be living apart for a year or longer, one of the spouses has to have committed an act of adultery, or one spouse has treated the other in a cruel way. The average Canadian family features parents who deal with a plethora of stressors. One of the main reasons for marriage dissatisfaction, however, is money. This problem is prevalent when a family does not have enough income to support its needs or wants. Pressure to fulfill these desires will create an unhappy relationship between everybody involved. Regardless, when parents separate, it can create a whole new distress in the child which can outweigh that of any economical situation the family could be facing. While parents toying with the idea of divorce may think that by legally separating, they could be risking their children’s overall happiness; by staying together they could be putting the child at greater risk of mental and emotional problems. Children who are witness to their parents constant fighting and conflicts are at higher risk of long-term distress (Jekielek, 1998). Divorce where there is little parental conflict will actually do a child less harm than no divorce with high parental conflict. The symptoms of being in an environment where there is high parental conflict is very similar to those seen in children of divorce; they can develop anxiety and aggression (Morrison and Corio, 1999), as well as behavioral problems in school such as antisocial behavior and difficulty concentrating (Amato and Sobolewski, 2001). Socialization of children is essential during school years. Children who are affected negatively during this time by parental conflict or divorce can create problems for the future by making them socially withdrawn. Poor social skills and shyness can force children into complications which have the potentiality to permanently damage their views and impact the formation of healthy relationships. There are three factors which account for much of the distress among children, and high parental conflict is the most determining factor. The second is a decline of living standards; this is where the child’s family has a low economic status and cannot fulfill the needs and basic wants of a child successfully. A child’s family can reach poverty if the mother or father who is granted custody does not earn enough money to support the child, due to the loss of complimenting income from the noncustodial parent or the fact that they cannot get a job because they had sacrificed their education and employment opportunities in order to care for the child. The third factor is the absence of the noncustodial parent. This is because the child loses a role-model who they look to for emotional and physical support (Resnick et al. , 1997), an issue which the social learning theory commends. The time with the noncustodial parent will eventually decrease with time, whereas the child’s relationship with his or her mother will increase (Amato and Booth, 1996). Whereas evidence in the past has supported findings that a child is well adapted, self confident and secure in who they are when they are raised in a two parent as opposed to single parent household, a child with divorced parents is said to suffer both mentally and emotionally. There are two propositions, one of which suggests that children who grow up in households where the two biological parents are not present will exhibit lower levels of well-being, and the other says that the adverse effects on youthful ell-being will be especially acute when the cause of parental absence is marital separation, divorce, or desertion. They often tend to develop behavioral problems and do less well in school than children of intact families (Demo, Fine, and Ganong, 2000). On top of that, they are more likely to engage in dangerous behavior such as substance and alcohol abuse. These damaging effects have the potential to last the child into adulthood. One study showed that almost half the children of divorced parents entered adulthood as worried, self-deprecating, and sometimes angry young men and women (Wallerstein, Lewis, and Blakeslee, 2000). They also tend to be less happy than a child with intact parents, and increasingly likely to suffer from health problems, depend on welfare, earn low income, and experience divorce themselves. Problems with marriage are thought to be prevalent in cases where a child’s parents have experienced divorce and can lead to an increase in divorces between them as well as an overall aversion to marriage (Anthony, 1974). Many of these adults continue to struggle with depression, anxiety, and overall feeling of dissatisfaction with their overall lives. These people will utilize more mental health services than will those who grew up with both parents (Amato and Sobolewski, 2001). Compared to children whose parents did not separate, children with divorced parents are more likely to drop out of high school, less likely to attend college, and complete fewer years of education overall. Some believe that this is due to the emotional disturbance which is caused in households where parental conflict is high, resulting in a poor sense of self in the child. Poor sense of self also leads to other relationship troubles including infidelity, reoccurring divorces, and remarriages and in extreme cases spousal and domestic abuse. It has also been found that those living in a single-parent household are associated with a greater risk of not completing high school (Deleire and Kalil, 2002). In one study, it shows that the proportion of children graduating from high school is the highest for children with no change in their family structure and lowest for children with three or more changes in their family structure. Relative to children in households that reported no change in marital status, children who experienced any type of change in family structure were less likely to graduate from high school. The odds of completing high school for children whose parents experienced parental divorce only were 61 percent lower than for children whose parents remained together. However, despite evidence which proves that divorce does cause an emotional disturbance within children, some analysts disagree. Despite the link between divorce and long-term negative consequences, this evidence is based on families who seek psychological counseling. These families are a small and unrepresentative minority of the population. Another discrepancy in this theory is that some analysts fail to ask whether factors other than divorce might be responsible for the long-term distress experienced by children of divorced parents. A re-analysis of 93 relevant studies showed that the overall effect of divorce on children’s well-being is not strong and is declining over time (Amato and Booth, 1991). Whereas some studies show a significant decrease of education completion, one study done across Canada, Australia, and the United States of America shows that divorce is not an educational â€Å"disaster†. Rather, it says that children whose parents divorce get approximately seven-tenths of a year less education than children from intact families. A divorce is not the determining factor in long-term distress in children; rather, it is a multitude of factors which complement each other in creating a child with various mental and emotional difficulties. Despite evidence supporting both sides of this argument, those who believe that studies which discredit the results which seem to support divorce as the major distress-causing agent of previous studies seem to be the most believable; this is because there is simply so much more to a divorce than the act of separation in itself. Determinants such as parental conflict, economic status, and the upbringing of the child all play major roles in providing distress in a child’s life. Although the argument of divorce causing some sort of problematic experiences in a child, which will last them into adulthood, is a strong one, one must remember all of the other agents which build up to a divorce when deciding whether or not a divorce is the sole detrimental attribute to a problematic childhood. ?